Keywords
Religion
The State Foundation
Character Building
Indonesian Nation
How to Cite
Abstract
Mohammad Hatta (1902–1980), Indonesia’s first Vice President and co-proclaimer of independence, was also an intellectual statesman, economist, educator, and prolific writer. This essay explores Hatta’s vision of nurturing the moral and spiritual soul of the nation—encompassing mental-spiritual development, national character, and public morality—through his writings and speeches on religion, statehood, education, culture, and nationhood from the 1930s to the 1970s. His religious outlook was substantive and inclusive, emphasizing shared values across faiths. This enabled a balanced view of religion’s public role, transcending the dichotomy of ‘integration’ and ‘separation’, and anticipating José Casanova’s and Alfred Stepan’s concept of ‘differentiation’. Hatta stressed character education and human capability as the foundations of a sovereign, just, and prosperous Indonesia based on Pancasila. His notion of progress—focused on improving quality of life and human capabilities through education and health—preceded the human development framework later developed by Amartya Sen. He emphasized the integration of intellectual excellence and moral integrity to build a dignified nation with a noble national character.References
Armstrong, Karen. 2006. The Great Transformation: The World in the Time of Buddha, Socrates, Confucius and Jeremiah. London: Atlantic Books Ltd.
Basri, Faisal H., and Haris Munandar. 2009. Lanskap Ekonomi Indonesia: Kajian dan Renungan terhadap Masalah-Masalah Struktural, Transformasi Baru, dan Prospek Perekonomian Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana.
Bellah, Robert N. 1967. “Civil Religion in America.” Daedalus 96(1): 1–21.
Caney, S. 2019. “Democratic Reform, Intergenerational Justice and the Challenges of the Long-Term.” European Journal of Political Theory 18(3): 343–62.
Casanova, José. 1994. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cristi, Marcela. 2001. From Civil to Political Religion: The Intersection of Culture, Religion and Politics. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Dalio, Ray. 2021. Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order: Why Nations Succeed and Fail. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Friedman, M.B. 2021. Religion and the Rise of Capitalism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Gaertner, Wulf. 1993. “Amartya Sen: Capability and Well‐Being.” In The Quality of Life, eds. Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 0. doi:10.1093/0198287976.003.0005.
Geertz, Clifford. 1966. “Religion as a Cultural System.” In The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, Illinois: Fontana Press, 87–125.
Hatta, Mohammad. 1954. Kumpulan Karangan, IV. Jakarta: Penerbit dan Balai Buku Indonesia.
_____. 1966. Pancasila Jalan Lurus. Bandung: Penerbit Aksara.
_____. 1969. Sekitar Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945. Jakarta: Tintamas.
_____. 1977. Pengertian Pancasila. Jakarta: CV Haji Masagung.
_____. 1979a. Bung Hatta Berpidato, Bung Hatta Menulis. Jakarta: Penerbit Mutiara.
_____. 1979b. Mohammad Hatta: Memoirs. Jakarta: Tintamas.
_____. 1980. Uraian Pancasila Oleh Panitia Lima. Jakarta: Penerbit Mutiara.
_____. 1985. Kumpulan Pidato, III. Jakarta: Penerbit Inti Idayu Press.
_____. 1998. Karya Lengkap Bung Hatta I: Kebangsaan Dan Kerakyatan. Jakarta: Pustaka LP3ES.
_____. 2011. 1–3 Untuk Negeriku: Sebuah Otobiografi. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.
_____. 2023. Karya Lengkap Bung Hatta IX: Agama, Dasar Negara, Dan Karakter Bangsa. Jakarta: Pustaka LP3ES.
Hollenbach, D. 1999. “Fidelity to the Gospel/Respect for the Other.” In Faith in the Public Forum, eds. N. Brown and R. Gascoigne. Adelaide: Australian Theological Forum.
Inglehart, Ronald, and Wayne E. Baker. 2000. “Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values*.” American Sociological Review 65(1): 19–51. doi:10.1177/000312240006500103.
Ingleson, John. 1979. Road to Exile: The Indonesian Nationalist Movement 1927-1934. Singapore: Heinemann for the Asian Studies Association of Australia.
Kusuma, Ananda B. 2004. Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945: Memuat Salinan Dokumen Otentik Badan Oentoek Menyelidiki Oesaha2 Persiapan Kemerdekaan. Badan Penerbit, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Indonesia.
Kusuma, E. and Khairul, eds. 2008. Pancasila dan Islam: Perdebatan Antar Parpol dalam Penyusunan Dasar Negara di Dewan Konstituante. Jakarta: Baur Publishing.
Kusuma, Erwin. 2008. Pancasila dan Islam: Perdebatan antar Parpol dalam Penyusunan Dasar Negara di Dewan Konstituante. ed. Khairul. Baur Publishing.
Latif, Yudi. 2011. Negara Paripurna: Historisitas, Rasionalitas, Dan Aktualitas Pancasila. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
_____. 2020. Wawasan Pancasila. Bandung: Mizan.
McClearly, R.C., and R.J. Barro. 2019. The Wealth of Religions: The Political Economy of Believing and Belonging. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Niel, Robert van. 1970. The Emergence of the Modern Indonesian Elite. Hague: W. Van Hoeve Publisher Ltd.
Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sachedina, Abdulaziz. 2001. The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA.
Shapiro, Ben. 2019. The Right Side of History: How Reason and Moral Purpose Made the West Great. Massachusetts: Broadside Books.
Soedjatmoko. 1983. Renungan Tentang Pembangunan dan Kebudayaan. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Soekarno. 1947. Lahirnya Pancasila: Pidato Bung Karno Di Depan Sidang Panitia Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan, Jakarta 1 Juni 1945. Jakarta: Departemen Penerangan.
_____. 1958. 1–4 Pantja-Sila Sebagai Dasar Negara. Jakarta: Kementerian Penerangan RI.
Stepan, A. 2005. “Religion, Democracy, and the ‘Twin Tolerations.’” In World Religions and Democracy, eds. Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, and Philip J. Costopoulos. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Widjaja, I. Wangsa, and Meutia Farida Swasono, eds. 1985. Mohammad Hatta, Membangun Ekonomi Indonesia: Kumpulan Pidato Ilmiah. Jakarta: Idayu Press.
Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus. 1990. Manunggaling Kawula Gusti: Pantheïsme dan Monisme dalam Sastra Suluk Jawa: Suatu Studi Filsafat. Jakarta: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia and Penerbit Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Armstrong, Karen. 2006. The Great Transformation: The World in the Time of Buddha, Socrates, Confucius and Jeremiah. London: Atlantic Books Ltd.
Basri, Faisal H., and Haris Munandar. 2009. Lanskap Ekonomi Indonesia: Kajian dan Renungan terhadap Masalah-Masalah Struktural, Transformasi Baru, dan Prospek Perekonomian Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana.
Bellah, Robert N. 1967. “Civil Religion in America.” Daedalus 96(1): 1–21.
Caney, S. 2019. “Democratic Reform, Intergenerational Justice and the Challenges of the Long-Term.” European Journal of Political Theory 18(3): 343–62.
Casanova, José. 1994. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cristi, Marcela. 2001. From Civil to Political Religion: The Intersection of Culture, Religion and Politics. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Dalio, Ray. 2021. Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order: Why Nations Succeed and Fail. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Friedman, M.B. 2021. Religion and the Rise of Capitalism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Gaertner, Wulf. 1993. “Amartya Sen: Capability and Well‐Being.” In The Quality of Life, eds. Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 0. doi:10.1093/0198287976.003.0005.
Geertz, Clifford. 1966. “Religion as a Cultural System.” In The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, Illinois: Fontana Press, 87–125.
Hatta, Mohammad. 1954. Kumpulan Karangan, IV. Jakarta: Penerbit dan Balai Buku Indonesia.
_____. 1966. Pancasila Jalan Lurus. Bandung: Penerbit Aksara.
_____. 1969. Sekitar Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945. Jakarta: Tintamas.
_____. 1977. Pengertian Pancasila. Jakarta: CV Haji Masagung.
_____. 1979a. Bung Hatta Berpidato, Bung Hatta Menulis. Jakarta: Penerbit Mutiara.
_____. 1979b. Mohammad Hatta: Memoirs. Jakarta: Tintamas.
_____. 1980. Uraian Pancasila Oleh Panitia Lima. Jakarta: Penerbit Mutiara.
_____. 1985. Kumpulan Pidato, III. Jakarta: Penerbit Inti Idayu Press.
_____. 1998. Karya Lengkap Bung Hatta I: Kebangsaan Dan Kerakyatan. Jakarta: Pustaka LP3ES.
_____. 2011. 1–3 Untuk Negeriku: Sebuah Otobiografi. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.
_____. 2023. Karya Lengkap Bung Hatta IX: Agama, Dasar Negara, Dan Karakter Bangsa. Jakarta: Pustaka LP3ES.
Hollenbach, D. 1999. “Fidelity to the Gospel/Respect for the Other.” In Faith in the Public Forum, eds. N. Brown and R. Gascoigne. Adelaide: Australian Theological Forum.
Inglehart, Ronald, and Wayne E. Baker. 2000. “Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values*.” American Sociological Review 65(1): 19–51. doi:10.1177/000312240006500103.
Ingleson, John. 1979. Road to Exile: The Indonesian Nationalist Movement 1927-1934. Singapore: Heinemann for the Asian Studies Association of Australia.
Kusuma, Ananda B. 2004. Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945: Memuat Salinan Dokumen Otentik Badan Oentoek Menyelidiki Oesaha2 Persiapan Kemerdekaan. Badan Penerbit, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Indonesia.
Kusuma, E. and Khairul, eds. 2008. Pancasila dan Islam: Perdebatan Antar Parpol dalam Penyusunan Dasar Negara di Dewan Konstituante. Jakarta: Baur Publishing.
Kusuma, Erwin. 2008. Pancasila dan Islam: Perdebatan antar Parpol dalam Penyusunan Dasar Negara di Dewan Konstituante. ed. Khairul. Baur Publishing.
Latif, Yudi. 2011. Negara Paripurna: Historisitas, Rasionalitas, Dan Aktualitas Pancasila. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
_____. 2020. Wawasan Pancasila. Bandung: Mizan.
McClearly, R.C., and R.J. Barro. 2019. The Wealth of Religions: The Political Economy of Believing and Belonging. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Niel, Robert van. 1970. The Emergence of the Modern Indonesian Elite. Hague: W. Van Hoeve Publisher Ltd.
Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sachedina, Abdulaziz. 2001. The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA.
Shapiro, Ben. 2019. The Right Side of History: How Reason and Moral Purpose Made the West Great. Massachusetts: Broadside Books.
Soedjatmoko. 1983. Renungan Tentang Pembangunan dan Kebudayaan. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Soekarno. 1947. Lahirnya Pancasila: Pidato Bung Karno Di Depan Sidang Panitia Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan, Jakarta 1 Juni 1945. Jakarta: Departemen Penerangan.
_____. 1958. 1–4 Pantja-Sila Sebagai Dasar Negara. Jakarta: Kementerian Penerangan RI.
Stepan, A. 2005. “Religion, Democracy, and the ‘Twin Tolerations.’” In World Religions and Democracy, eds. Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, and Philip J. Costopoulos. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Widjaja, I. Wangsa, and Meutia Farida Swasono, eds. 1985. Mohammad Hatta, Membangun Ekonomi Indonesia: Kumpulan Pidato Ilmiah. Jakarta: Idayu Press.
Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus. 1990. Manunggaling Kawula Gusti: Pantheïsme dan Monisme dalam Sastra Suluk Jawa: Suatu Studi Filsafat. Jakarta: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia and Penerbit Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
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